what is a group of bandits called

The body had to be "prepared" retroactivelydisassembled and then reassembled in a grotesque parody of the original bodyto be offered back to the group who "made" it. Le bandit et son image au sicle d'or. Snowden, Frank M. Violence and Great Estates in the South of Italy: Apulia, 19001922. 27 Apr. [21] Also, policies and conditions in the Capital Region provided opportunities for soldiers/bandits to dodge governmental punishment. In Sicily the bandit Salvatore Giuliano's ambiguous notoriety in the post-1945 period, created partly through extensive press coverage, derived from his expression of regional Sicilian aspirations, despite the fact that he also massacred peasants. London, 1972. Conversely, there are "contemporary bandits" involved in protection rackets, common robberies, murder, and other crimes. As in many stateless societies, the distinction between the private and the public (that is, civil society) had limited significance. ." The Latin American masses sometimes viewed bandits as heroes striking a blow against their rich oppressors. In early-seventeenth-century France the region of Prigord was infested with bandits. It was rather the other way round. Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture. Banditry certainly possessed a cumulative political significance in suppressing peasant unrest, but the actions it employed were embedded in peasant morality. Because they were embedded in local communities, bandits benefited from a grassroots solidarity against outsiders and state authority. https://www.encyclopedia.com/international/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/banditry, "Banditry The major haunts of bandits in the early modern period were the Dalmatian highlands between Venice and Turkey, the vast frontier region of Hungary, Catalonia, the Pyrenees near the French border, and some of the low mountain regions in the Holy Roman Empire (e.g., Spessart, Westerwald). Banditry in Islam: Case Studies from Morocco, Algeria, and the PakistanNorth West Frontier. Peasant complicity was not always imposed through terror but could also be spontaneous and lucrative. Retrieved April 27, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/banditry. COW-PUNCHER: Also called Buckaroo, Cow Poke, Waddie, Cowboy, and in Spanish a "Vaquero". In Sicily, such support was forthcoming from mafiosi (local men of authority who often engaged in illegal activities and protection rackets) or local politicians. However, banditry also arose because throughout Latin American history, elite rule restricted access to economic opportunity and political expression. In both cases, there was a political consciousness and agenda at work, a situation not typical of the pre-political social bandit. Collective Nouns for Mammals Noted for their fur (or hair) and ability to produce milk to feed their young, mammals come in all shapes and sizes. 33 views, 1 likes, 0 loves, 1 comments, 0 shares, Facebook Watch Videos from St Thomas the Apostle Hanwell: Parish Mass on the Fourth Sunday after Easter. When England seized Jamaica from Spain in 1655, the buccaneers resettled there. Bandit - Definition, Meaning & Synonyms | Vocabulary.com They used their prepotency and violence to protect their kins' interests and thus ensure the support of family against betrayal to the state. Murphy, Agnes Genevieve. In casual conversation the words pirate, buccaneer, and corsair tend to be used more or less interchangeably. DROVER: Term commonly used in the 1870s and 80s for a working cowboy engaged in trailing longhorns to market or a new range. [18] In 1449, Mongolian soldiers in the service of Ming attacked and plundered Beijing area. In mountainous areas of early modern Spain, banditry and brigandage remained a continual phenomenon throughout the period under discussion. Guerrilla popular uprisings (casting "banditry" as an expression of the struggle for freedom) against outside despotism in Corsica in the mid-eighteenth century, and Greece in the early nineteenth, caught public imagination. [19] Another report of 1489 attested that soldiers had raided in Henan province. Through a well-planned raid, Ning Gao, a client of another powerful eunuch Liu Jin, successfully wounded and captured Zhang Mao, who was then transported to Beijing and executed. 2023 . The Cuban independence period illustrates both political banditry and the interpretive debates going on in the study of banditry. Political banditry often required outside support to be successful. In a number of places, however, bandits belonged to the peasantry through their presence in widely circulated chapbooks, which popularized and contemporized bandits. This desecration of the body also defiled the bandit or perpetrator. Banditry can be defined simply as the act of taking property from another by using force or the threat of force. The parallels between bandits and saints, and the linkage in the literature between bandits and monks, are not fortuitous, either in terms of the social conditions that gave rise to banditry or in terms of the iconography and models of suffering. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. Bandit leaders cooperated more often with the powerful, not the humble, elements of society. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. In their typical form, most stories about bandits can be reduced to the following pattern: The triggering incident is a slight to personal or family honor by another family or individual of equal or superior status. Cambridge, U.K., 1992. A final important variable is the process of mythicizing at the local and national levels. Sign up for our weekly newsletters and get: By signing in, you agree to our Terms and Conditions The German equivalent to Dick Turpin is Johann Bckler (17831803), alias Schinderhannes (John the Knacker). ." Spraggs, Gillian. In other cases, such as in Corsica, mules' ears were cut off as a ritual death threat. A politically powerful family could insulate bandits from police and legal authorities. Most bandits in Corsica saw themselves as victims; they spoke about their "disgrace," "destiny," and "fate" (poveru disgraziatu). Rome, 1986. In Anglo-American folklore Dick Turpin (17051739) is the English counterpart of Cartouche. The two interpretations are not necessarily opposed and indeed may coexist at different levels of analysis. [35] His gang of bandits eventually grew into a rebel army and Deng conducted attacks on the government in Fujian. But bandit myth, like most myth, expresses only half-truths. Thus, terms of venery referred to groups of specific game animals. Like Robin Hood's Band of Merry Men, Kil-tong's group of bandits. An earlier Sicilian novelist, Luigi Capuana (18391915), denied the Sicilianness of the Mafia and brigandage, claiming that, though the Mafia existed in Sicily, it was no different from criminality found elsewhere. [28], The career of banditry often led leaders to assemble more bandits and army deserters and organize predatory gangs into active rebel groups. A nineteenth-century observer noted that for the Corsicans the vendetta was a kind of religion. [7] In his 1991 book Disorder under Heaven: Collective Violence in the Ming Dynasty, James W. Tong uses data from provincial and prefectural gazetteers of the Ming and the Qing Dynasties to analyze patterns of violence during the Ming Dynasty. A full understanding takes into account not just the various ways in which strongmen were co-opted by the powerful but also how such men were portrayed by various strata of society. A Spanish attempt to drive away the buccaneers by exterminating the game animals on the islands backfired, leaving the buccaneers more dependent than ever on their raids of Spanish shipping. Caught in the act of stealing two oxen, he fled into the depths of the Essex countryside to save himself. Instead of blithely accepting bandit images from folk legends and literature as fact, scholars must use them as lenses for viewing peasant cultures. . Looter (Bannerlord) | Mount & Blade Wiki | Fandom [36] Their illegal actions eventually evolved into open rebellion against the Ming Dynasty as they blatantly besieged cities, seized imperial weaponry, extended area of operation southward, and even assumed rhetoric and attire of an imperial dynasty. The peak of Catalan banditry was during the reign of Philip III (15981621). . Bandits required protection in order to survive; otherwise they were quickly killed by the landlords' retainers, the police, or the peasants. Robbed from the rich and corrupt like monks & local magistrates and gave to the poor. If theres a boat but no water, you need to go back to pirate school. Thus it was not so much through their lives that bandits generated the sometimes powerful myth of nobility as through their deaths. All rights reserved. That is, it is an incontrovertible fact that bandits often terrorized peasants who appear to have voluntarily supported them; yet this fact does not exhaust or even address the issue of why and how banditry emerged, how it was sustained, or how bandit myths achieved such potency at both the local and national levels. Bandits in a Landscape: A Study of Romantic Painting from Caravaggio to Delacroix. Cambridge, U.K., 1977. Robbery, kidnapping, and murder all qualify as piratical activities, provided theres some water and a boat involved. Robber bands, however, as well as vagabonds and gypsies traveling in groups of varying sizes, were both more incalculable and more dangerous. Koliopoulos, Johns. Banditry can be seen as a continuum from the camel raiding Bedouin, through the "noble bandits" of the nineteenth-century Greek Klephts, to contemporary armed autonomist groups (such as Chiapas in Mexico or Kurds in Turkey or Chechen fighters against Russian intervention in Chechnya) labeled as "bandits" by the state. Elitist officials typically labeled as bandits any groups that threatened their political monopoly. As with mammals, birds come in all forms, leading to a delightfully poetic sampling of collective nouns, from convocations to murders. . The penal policy of the early modern state (public executions, large-scale patrols, printed lists of wanted persons) is a proof of this perennial threat. Literary romanticization of bandits was pronounced during the formation of nation-states and was often coupled with the desire of the urban literati to discover sources of opposition (often to foreign rule) in the countryside. The state's policies toward landlordism, peasant cultivators, and pastoralists may also be a significant variable because they may favor one over the other, with radical implications for illegal practices. [26], The career nor the identity of a bandit was permanent. What is a group of bandits called? - wisdom-qa.com https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/banditry, J "Banditry The more marginalized a bandit was, the more dependent he was on protection, the greater the risk of betrayal, and thus the greater the tendency for violence to appear "gratuitous"that is, to signify itself. The modern state stereotypes regions within it as inhabiting a bygone era, thus rationalizing repression of legitimate regionalist, autonomist, and cultural aspirations by labeling them as banditry. Hobsbawm distinguished bandits from gangs drawn from the professional underworld and from communities for whom raiding was a normal way of life (such as the Bedouins). Much the same appears to have happened in Andalusia, where absentee landlords were separated from a mass of largely landless laborers and where rural discontent increasingly took class forms. Rosalie Schwartz, Lawless Liberators: Political Banditry and Cuban Independence (1989). Privateers sometimes went beyond their commissions, attacking vessels that didnt belong to the targeted country. "Bandits and the State: Robbers and the Authorities in the Holy Roman Empire in the Late Seventeenth Century." Man New Ser., 14 (1979): 477496. Hobsbawm tended to an expressive interpretation. "Social banditry" is a term invented by the historian Eric Hobsbawm in his 1959 book Primitive Rebels, a study of popular forms of resistance that also incorporate behaviour characterized as illegal. The bandit is thus not so much an expression of peasant reaction to oppression or a form of wish fulfillment as a transfiguration of peasant suffering, transformed from individual execution to the collective personification of sacrifice. Create a text document there and call it bandit (not bandit.ini not Bandit, it has to be bandit ). SStartingCell= (area ID) and save it. Hobsbawm's thesis has been criticized by Anton Blok and other anthropologists. Le roi des montagnes. These portrayals affected how bandits were perceived and legitimated, even allowing them to legitimate themselves. First, bandites d'honneur, heroes of the vendetta, exponents of personal honor on the periphery of society, are always presented on the horizon of the past, as traces of a nostalgic world that has been lost forever. "[10] As a result, Tong finds that banditry, like other types of collective violence, had a spatial and temporal pattern. Bande armate, banditi, banditismo e repressione di giustizia negli stati europei di antico regime. Essentialist definitions are not helpful to understanding; yet because what passes as banditry cannot be analytically separated from wide areas of social life, its presentation in discourse is particularly significant. Dickie, John. Another way to say Group Of Bandits? The word "thug" traces its roots to the Hindi and Urdu word thag, which means thief or swindler, and which itself is derived from the Sanskrit verb sthagati (to conceal).. Europe, 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World. There is evidence that this popular bandit really practiced some kind of redistribution of wealth. Gttingen, 1976. As shown above, a large number of bandits were actually garrison soldiers and had access to and able usage of weapons and armors. An effective and determined official, empowered by influential superiors or eunuchs, could pose a severe threat to bandits survival. Moss, David. As a legalistic and political-social category, banditry is formed by the impact of the state on local communities, and its meanings have changed across time to reflect these changing relationships. In the early seventeenth century the most famous Spanish bandit was Perot Rocaguinarda. He eventually settled on robbery. See "Letteratura e Mafia," pp. Other famous bandits of the eighteenth century were Nickel List, who was active around 1700 in North Germany, and Lips Tullian, who committed most of his crimes in the Saxon region of Germany. Franchetti and Sonnino also noted a widespread admiration for bandits among the literati, who romanticized them, and paradoxically among landowners, the most likely to suffer from bandit depredations. [40], "Bandit" redirects here. Banditry employs a distinctive and extreme form of personal power and prepotency that requires constant reinforcement by means of a series of actions, such as selective generosity and magnanimity, as well as calculated arbitrariness. role in Jewish history In Judaism: New parties and sects The Sicarii (Assassins), so-called because of the daggers ( sica) they carried, arose about 54 ce, according to Josephus, as a group of bandits who kidnapped or murdered those who had found a modus vivendi with the Romans. Being Bandits, almost all of their armor is torn, tattered, worn, battered, or frayed, and nearly all of their weapons are rusty, splintered, and bent. Over time, certain populations picked those words up and ran with them. It operates between the state-imposed system of law and social order on one hand and the local system of vengeance and grassroots conceptions of justice on the other. Banditry - Wikipedia This was the case in Corsica, southern Italy (Calabria), and Sicily in the early nineteenth century, when the British supported their "chivalrous brigand-allies" against the French. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). Second, the land concentration that Prez considers a cause of banditry in fact came after many bandit gangs had emerged. [33] Such transition was not permanent and could often be reversed. This box-office success, which was later reissued under the completely inappropriate title Sword of Blood, is part of the ongoing popularization and romanticization of the premodern underworld. Throughout the Mediterranean, at least as far back as the eighteenth century, banditry has often been incorporated in nationalist and regional rhetoric. Banditry tended to emerge in remote, difficult-to-control mountainous areas containing large numbers of semimobile and state-resistant pastoralists. The Tale of Hong Kiltong Siewert Flashcards | Quizlet [11] Banditry was especially pervasive in the southern provinces (most notably Guangdong and Fujian) and the second half of the dynasty (1506-1644). Enter a Crossword Clue. Zilberg, Elana. Barkey, Karen. Guerrilla banditry became common in Venezuela, Mexico, Cuba, and elsewhere during the wars for independence and civil wars of the nineteenth century. A group of swordsmen are called bandits. The most famous French bandit of all times was Louis Dominique Cartouche (16931721), a celebrated Parisian outlaw, whose name became synonymous with "highway robber" to the French. And with that comes plenty of collective nouns for each of those exoskeletal creatures, from armies to clouds. American Quarterly 56, no. 2023 LoveToKnow Media. A group of travelling merchants are called carvans Why. Encyclopedia.com. Traditional banditry has often been accompanied by extreme violence in both its expression and its repression. Banditry in agricultural contexts was usually more controllable and could be tamed more easily, especially when violent men from humble origins acquired secure property rights (usually through co-option or protection by elites) and thereby achieved legitimacy. At her 20s she was subjected to numerous sexual assaults and turned to a life of crime. Throughout the early modern period, especially in the seventeenth and eighteenth century, affluent travelers and merchants as well as peasants and farmers were afraid of banditry. Its meaning has changed across time and across disciplines. [17], The Capital Region also housed a huge number of soldiers with Ming's system of hereditary military and a major portion of bandits were actually soldiers stationed in the region. D for Donkeys A group of donkeys is called a drove. New Haven, Conn., 1985. They are much like traditional knights, only they're a whole group, they've never been knighted and aren't members of nobility. The Sicarii (Assassins), so-called because of the daggers (sica) they carried, arose about 54 ce, according to Josephus, as a group of bandits who kidnapped or murdered those who had found a modus vivendi with the Romans. As an exchange between individuals, banditry thus employed a specific set of finely graded messages involving violence to the body and property of the victim. He and his gang invaded isolated farmhouses, terrorizing and torturing the female occupants into giving up their valuables. For an analysis of banditry, it may be useful to steer a middle course, borrowing from the various perspectives that treat bandits as primitive social rebels (as Hobsbawm does), as individual opportunists, or as the co-opted henchmen of rural potentates (as Blok does). Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. The New English Dictionary on Historical Principles (NED) defined "bandit" in 1885 as "one who is proscribed or outlawed; hence, a lawless desperate marauder, a brigand: usually applied to members of the organized gangs which infest the mountainous districts of Italy, Sicily, Spain, Greece, Iran, and Turkey". Although it would be simplistic to attribute the decline of banditry in the modern world to the state's increasing monopoly of violence, this is certainly important. One exemplary leader was Zhang Mao of Wenan. Hobsbawm, Eric. In Puglia few legal or illegal opportunities were available for social mobility, and the social relations of production encouraged the emergence of collective solidarity and of anarchosyndicalism (a doctrine advocating that workers seize control of the economy and government). A widespread and effective climate of fear would in any case be difficult to maintain if it were to be reduced to the potential violent actions of a few individuals, unless it were supported by a consent bandits received at the local level. The group called on the state government and security agencies to evacuate migrant herdsmen "to where they came from, as was done with Almajiris", to stop the attacks. Kiba no Tabishounin - The Arms Peddler (Manga) - TV Tropes Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. Throughout most of English language literature, flock of crows far outweighed murder of crows, and until about the 90s, even group of crows was used more frequently than murder of crows. Now they were seen as living ancestors who inhabited a different time and who had to be tamed in the modern republic. However, the date of retrieval is often important. They were known as train and bank robbers. Stories about bandits should be treated as texts to be deconstructed. In nineteenth-century Greece, ex-Klephts such as Theodoros Kolokotrnis used their memoirs to glorify themselves. Inchiesta in Sicilia. The Rousseauesque utopia inverted traditional wisdoms and manufactured the bandit as the first modern primitive within the borders of Europe. Morelia, Mexico: Instituto Michoacano de Cultura; Instituto de Investigaciones Dr. Jos Mara Lus Mora, 1999. Bandits were portrayed in texts as outsiders and hence dangerous, as residues from the past and hence ambiguous, or as insiders and hence admirable. All other bandit-heroes are much more recent, many of them living in the early modern period. Following Hobsbawm, bandit myths are generic expressions of hidden grassroots aspirations; following Blok, these myths are largely irrelevant to banditry's political functions in the class war. Europe, 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World. ." [30] Other than escaping to difficult terrains, powerful bandits used their connections with high-standing figures in the capital to negotiate safety. She married at the age 11 to a man three times her age, but was abandoned by her husband and her family after the marriage broke down. As Paul J. Vanderwood has shown, the marginalized rural poor fomented disorder, including bandit attacks, and profited from the resulting conflict. Bandits. No group has claimed responsibility for the attacks but witnesses have attributed it to "bandits", the catchall phrase for criminal gangs masterminding frequent bouts of abduction, maiming . Some estimates suggest that there are 1.4 billion insects for every single human on the planet. In it I have a group of men who live in a castle and fight for the castle's lord. The romanticization of banditry is a phenomenon that started with the popular ballads about prominent ringleaders such as Louis Dominique Cartouche in the eighteenth century. On the Christian side the Knights of St. John, based in Malta, harassed Muslim commercial shipping in the 16th and 17th centuries. The use of privateers allowed states to project maritime power beyond the capabilities of their regular navies, but there were trade-offs. To him, an escape to the mountains may be the only way of avoiding an unjust state summons or pursuing a private revenge. 3 (September 2004): 759-779. While banditry as an outcome of social instability has declined in most of Europe, thanks to firmer policing and changes in military recruitment and policies toward veterans, echoes persist, for example in the formation of criminal groups in the wake of the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1989. Novelists (such as Edmond About and Prosper Mrime) traveled to remote places in Greece and Corsica, for example, to ground their texts in direct experience and observation. They might move from the outside to the inside or vice versa. What are the 4 bandits names? The ways in which bandits were portrayed in the modern nation-state and the ways such symbols were used to legitimate contemporary struggles are as significant as what the bandits actually did and represented. In the hands of urban intellectuals it points to the bad old days before the establishment of the nation-state, when life and property were not secure. Terms for cowboy vary with the region. Because privateering was generally a more lucrative occupation than military service, it tended to divert manpower and resources away from regular navies. He set himself up outside the community and thus as the ultimate sacrificial victim. had marks left on them. In 1739 he was finally brought to court and sentenced to death. Runaway slaves or maroons sometimes became highwaymen, stealing from travelers to survive. Bandit Definition & Meaning | Dictionary.com In historical settings where these practices were common, the line between privateer and pirate was blurred. A particular feature of the German underworld of the eighteenth century is the rather high proportion of Jews among organized robbers. The buccaneers primary foe was Spain, which formally controlled Hispaniola and Tortuga and sought to expel the outlaws from its possessions. Scott, James C. Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance. In the nineteenth-century Mediterranean, banditry was particularly strong where pastoralists occupied an intermediate position between small-scale cultivators and large-scale proprietors, as in northern Greece, or where overseers and sharecroppers occupied that position, as in rural Sicily, but also where pastoralism was prominent in its own right, as in Sardinia and Corsica. Consequently, it is difficult at the local level to distinguish those acts that can be called personal (such as a vendetta over a matter of honor) from those that can be labeled political (such as protecting the political interests of the elite). As a legal category, banditry is a pernicious form of crime that subverts the state's monopoly of legitimate violence. . See alsoGangs; Maroons (Cimarrones); Quiroga, Juan Facundo. Political banditry was evident in independence-era Cuba, early-twentieth-century Cajamarca, Peru, and the Colombian Violencia of 19451965, which left between 100,000 and 300,000 people dead. One 1485 official report revealed that local people, some probably working as fences (see Fences in Ming China), purchased stolen animals and goods from highway bandits at lower prices. After a short time he left his hiding place and tried his hand at smuggling. He spoke of "pathological aberrations" and "ultra violence" as a manifestation of the "primitive" nature of bandits' rebellion, but he could not explain it adequately. Local commanders and constables were responsible for apprehending bandits, but the emperors often dispatched special censors to cope with rampant banditry. These charismatic leaders were not only skilled in fighting and riding but also possessed material and social capital. In the Mediterranean and elsewhere the circulation of popular accounts of bandits was particularly significant, sometimes interacting in complex ways with the creation of the nation-state's history. Argentina's rural poor identified with the persecution suffered by legendary gauchos like Juan Moreira and Martn Fierro. But betrayal to agents of the state was always a grave danger, unless the individual was protected by powerful interests. If you see some of them in a group, they might be referred to as a gang or a pack. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. In contrast, Rosalie Schwartz argues that western Cuba's banditry reflects neither class conflict nor social banditry. A beauteous gypsy by the name of Venus (Claudia Cardinale) sacrifices her own life to save Cartouche from harm. The Colombian Violencia offers another example of banditry, which even Hobsbawm acknowledges to be "in essence more political than social." According to German sources, three-quarters of Christian bandits whose parentage is known to us originated in the sedentary and integrated sectors of society. The term cow puncher or "puncher" is more commonly used in the southwest. Blok and others interpreted it in instrumental terms: violence ensures peasant submission. The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age ofPhilip II. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Danker, Uwe. . However, if you ever see a bunch of birds and cant identify the species, you can always refer to them as a flock without much issue. From the perspective of the "bandit" himself, the situation may look different. School here comes from schle, the Dutch word referring to a group, troop, or band. Thats also where you get the word shoal, an alternate collective noun for fish.

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