Richard Ballinger was appointed his Interior Secretary. o Nursing. A. adopted several, but not all, major Populist issues. a. Hetch Hetchy was a spectacular high-walled valley within Yosemite National Park. This set the groundwork for the creation of the U.S. Forest Service in 1905, which Pinchot would head. o Rancher in the Dakota Badlands; he helped capture outlaws National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Once the glaciers retreated, tributaries leading into the main river were left hanging hundreds or thousands of feet above the valley floor, creating the beautiful waterfalls we know today. desirable activities get fewer resources than they deserve? o Recall: gave voters the right to remove a public official from office at a special electioncould Guests at these suites receive breakfast on their patios. The controversy over damming Hetch Hetchy became mired in the political issues of the day. San Francisco could flood the valley and work began the following year. How did they get their nickname? Direct Primary: Subjects: 28 apush chapter . Remember Hetch Hetchy: The Raker Act and the - National Park Service be the Republican candidate. As a 13.4-mile (21.4 km) round-trip hike, Rancheria Falls gets fewer day-hikers than Wapama Falls but is a popular backpacking stop. Pinchot was Americas Forester. He served as the first head of the United States Forest Service. There, he met the same Indian chief and his wives. Let us introduce you to some of the unique giant sequoia groves in the Yosemite Mariposa County area the Merced, Tuolumne, and Mariposa Groves are inside Yosemite National Park, and the Nelder Grove is just outside the park boundary to the south. As well dam for water-tanks the peoples cathedrals and churches, for no holier temple has ever been consecrated by the heart of man . Their rivalry spoke to rivalries at the core of the American experience. Montana In the 1890s, America faced an environmentalcrisis. End of the nineteenth century: What one Secretary of the Interior giveth, another taketh away. In 1896, the Democratic political platform. Dam the Hetch Hetchy! What was the Hetch-Hetchy controversy? You can expect one (short) email per week. The story of these two icons of American environmentalism is told in John Claytons bookNatural Rivals: John Muir, Gifford Pinchot, and the Creation of Americas Public Lands, published last August. Triangle Shirtwaist fire: Union Labor Party(California) passed a child labor law, a workmen's compensation law, and the limitation on working hours for women. Government should regulate . Women found themselves excluded from most of the emerging professions. Hull House Settlement home designed as a welfare agency for needy families. There are many places to stop and enjoy views of the rushing water before turning around to return to your car. They suggest that draining the reservoir and turning Hetch Hetchy Valley into a tourist center similar to Yosemite Valley could be worth up to $178 million per year. Round percent to hundredths. both A and B positive or normative? The Hetch Hetchy Valley was within Yosemite National Park and protected by the federal government, leaving it up to Congress to decide the valley's fate. Would there be any room in an acquisitive society for wildness, or for non material spiritual values?. the electorate for approval. All thirty-five questions pertain to the time period 1491 to 1945 (aka P1-P7), with questions 1-13. This 1910 view shows Kolana Rock and Tueeulala Falls in the background. Utopian vision of a Harvard forestry grad, Scam Advisory: Recent reports indicate that individuals are posing as the NEH on email and social media. Gifford Pinchot, the first chief of the U.S. Forest Service, with his friend Theodore Roosevelt in 1907. National opinion divided between giving San Francisco the right to dam the valley and preserving the valley from development. San Francisco applied once again for rights to Hetch Hetchy in 1908. 5: 1297089180: initiative: A progressive reform measure allowing voters to petition to have a law placed on the general ballot. When Taft lost progressive support in 1909, Roosevelt refused to back Taft in the election of 1912, so Roosevelt and his supporters set up the Progressive Party, called the Bull Moose Party with Roosevelt as their candidate. High temperatures prevail in summer months, but its a small price to pay for the reward of vast wilderness filled with stunning peaks, hidden canyons, and remote lakes. As it debated this legislation, Congress negotiated the fate of a federally protected valley located in Yosemite National Park-asking should the dam be built or the valley preserved? In American politics during the late nineteenth century. San Francisco assumed from the outset that there would not be significant opposition to using the Hetch Hetchy Valley, even if it was in a national park, for the high and noble purpose of providing water to one of the nations great and growing metropolises, so their efforts in Washington, DC, were conducted discreetly. Chapter 20 APUSH Reading Guide Flashcards | Quizlet William Howard Taft Although there are relatively few visitors to Hetch Hetchy, youll find most of them along the trail to Wapama Fall. If, on the other hand, San Francisco gained control, it would signal in important victory for public power resulting in lower rates for the people. For example, plan to stop at the Lucky Buck Cafe on your way to or from a day of exploring Yosemite. What impact did he have on state-level reform? Hetch Hetchy is on the main stem of the Tuolumne River and is part of the Tuolumne watershed. For most of the year the waterfall offers a refreshing shower or cooling mist along with an amazing view. The spacious rooms include access to a heated swimming pool, spa, playground, and laundry facilities. Congress has set aside the Yosemite Valley as a state park in 1864, established a national park around it in 1890, and then reclaimed the valley as part of the national park in 1903. The report cited other dam projects in making the argument that this project would increase tourism. John Muir devoted the last years of his life to opposing a dam at Hetch Hetchy.` Progressives involved in reform placed emphasis on knowledge and expertise (examplesocial work). The Federal Reserve Act set up a system of federal banks and gave the government power over the money supply. In spite of Muirs eloquent and heated objections, the Raker Act was signed into law in December of 1913. This can be very disorienting to fish and disrupt their migrations as they depend on steady streams and flows to guide them. What reasons were given, supporting women's suffrage? There have been lawsuits over whether San Francisco violated the agreements of the Raker Act. He added significantly to the National Park System. Franklin Lane served as the attorney for the city of San Francisco in 1903. Created. In 1987, President Reagans Secretary of the Interior, Donald Hodel, proposed that Hetch Hetchy be restored. While opponents of the dam were hard pressed for financial support, the city of San Franciscos campaign was well financed. It involved the unintended consequences of efforts to shape the environment to meet human needs. He connected the new forests to his beloved national parks, he wrote of God in nature, he compared the commissions congressional opponents to yellowjackets in a horses ear. If youre up for a driving adventure, try taking a little extra time to retrace parts of the route John Muir described in his book, My First Summer in the Sierra. No BS! In these magazines he articulated the diverse system that we now understand as public lands, a system that combines the preservation of national parks like Yosemite with a system of forests, protected by the federal government but open to every Americans use. Teams completed the OShaughnessy Dam in 1923 and the reservoir filled for the first time in May of that year. He urged African Americans to get an educationgo beyond trade/agricultural schools to the university. The Hetch Hetchy Valley was within Yosemite National Park and protected by the Federal Government, leaving it up to Congress to decide the valley's fate. o Almost all income producing activity had moved out of the home and into the factory/office This law clearly proclaimed that the federal government, following the Forest Commissions recommendation, would preserve new public lands for the use and necessities of citizens in the United States. It clearly states the conservationist theory of land management, the legacy of Pinchots work with the Forest Commission. . Roosevelt filed more than 40 additional antitrust suits during the remainder of his presidency. Photo: Chris Migeon. Should nature be left alone so that flora and fauna flourish while people enjoy its primal wonders? challenging the existing male-dominated order. They were introvert and extrovert. First American Woman to earn Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 as president of Women's International League for Peace and Freedom. As we learned from Rachel Carsons Silent Spring, humankind can damage the environment while attempting to control it. Fourth, dams alter water quality. W.E.B. Many progressives considered the elimination of alcohol from American life a necessary step in restoring order to society. Some argued that women needed to be able to vote especially if blacks, immigrants, and other "base" groups had access to the vote. Initiative: This can lead to algal blooms and decreased oxygen levels. It pitted Gifford Pinchot, America's first forester, against John Muir, America's legendary conservationist. needed to be tightly regulated by the federal government. Hetch Hetchy is the incredible story of Americas most controversial dam and the birth of the environmental movement. Others argued that we must limit the flow of new arrivals. suffered defeat). government should improve and stabilize society. Jane Addams was an important social worker. A full breakfast is served in the dining room. 46. To do so, it would either have to buy out the private monopoly at an exorbitant price or outmaneuver or outbid Spring Valley for a potential new reservoir., (Source: Natural Rivals: John Muir, Gifford Pinchot, and the Creation of Americas Public Lands, John Clayton). What did the congressional elections of 1910 show? How did Roosevelt respond to Taft's presidency? Lukas Keel was an intern withHumanitiesmagazine. Slow-moving reservoirs heat up, resulting in abnormal temperature fluctuations which can affect sensitive species. o Social work In contrast to the utilitarian view, the preservationist approach denied the assumption that the natural world existed solely to serve mans purposes. Historians of the American conservation movement regard Pinchot as the foremost exemplar of the utilitarian approach to conservation, according to which man has a right to use natural resources, but also an obligation to use them wisely and efficientlyor as the classic criterion put it, the greatest good for the greatest number over the long run. As applied to forests and espoused by Pinchot, this meant that the nations forest reserves ought not to be maintained as inviolate sanctuaries, but opened to enlightened management.. Hetch Hetchy was the first major battle of the environmental movement. o Some felt that we needed to help the new residents adapt to American society. The first people, outside of Native Americans, to see the Hetch Hetchy Valley were Joseph, Nate and William Screechin 1850. Hetch Hetchy: Pros and Cons of Restoration - Yosemite Tales The Battle Over Hetch Hetchy: America's Most Controversial Dam and the By 1908, a different Interior Secretary, James R. Garfield, sided with the utilitarian conservationists and issued a permit for the Hetch Hetchy project. Interracial organization founded in 1909 to abolish segregation and discrimination and to achieve political and civil rights for African Americans. Put another way, if Congress denied the city of San Francisco the Hetch Hetchy Valley, the California Progressive leaders suspected that it would only be a matter of time before the emerging Pacific Gas and Electric Company would grab the area. Muir fought in the pages of theAtlanticandHarpers Weekly. Democrats suffered many losses in congress. You might as well deface the world's great cathedrals, he said, "for no holier temple has ever been consecrated by the heart of man." The issue was decided in December 1913, when Woodrow Wilson signed the Raker Bill into law, authorizing the dam's construction. menright to vote (Elizabeth Cady Stanton). Now San Francisco wanted to dam one of the two principal watersheds in the park, the Hetch Hetchy valley through which ran the Tuolumne River, to create a reservoir for its water supply. Hetch Hetchy was a spectacular high-walled valley within Yosemite National Park. Explain. welfare is dependent on the welfare of society as a whole. Total Cards. Frenemies John Muir and Gifford Pinchot Hetch Hetchy valley was a spectacular valley highly populated with naturalists. San Francisco Mayor James Phelan led the fight to build a dam at Hetch Hetchy. "New woman"a product of social and economic changes 44. In an effort to build this support, he published his bookThe Yosemitein 1912. Some claimed if women could vote war would become a thing of the pastcalming, maternal influence (WWI gave a final decisive push to suffrage). If you love that insider feeling of discovering an often-overlooked gem, plan a stop at Buck Meadows on your way to or from Hetch Hetchy. 02/08/2011. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); This is interesting from an ideological perspective. o Some argued that immigration should be restricted by nationalitythe "new immigrants" were less apt to assimilate. Ultimately, after Cleveland threw out a congressional bill to withhold appropriations for the Forest Commissions new reserves, the issue landed at the feet of President William McKinley. The most prominent preservationist spokesman was John Muir.. He produced at least four oil paintings of the valley one of which is prominently displayed in Mount Holyoke Colleges art museum. How did this affect other professions? National Park Service - HISTORY This fight set the stage for future battles between those who believed natural resources were to be used for the greatest good versus those who believed natural resources were to be preserved for the greatest enjoyment. On the other, the drowned valley has become an oasis of solitude in a national park that, in many places, has come to resemble a shopping mall parking lot more than a nature reserve. Roosevelt continued with the lawsuit and the Supreme Court ruled that the Northern Securities Company must be dissolved. The glacially-carved U-shaped valley floor maximizes the amount of water stored in the reservoir. o Land and resourcescontrolled by federal government. The most determined opponents to lynching in the South were southern women (black and white). Glaciers followed these low-points, leaving their own marks in particular carving out the characteristic U-shaped valley with steep sides and wide floor. Aldo Leopold's visionary thinking still guides today's environmental stewards. A second crash occurred in October 1907, and was precipitated when, using money borrowed from F. Augustus Heinze, Heinze's brothers failed in their attempts to corner United Copper. The second concept is preservation. At the time, suffrage seemed a radical demand. Chapter 28 APUSH Flashcards - Cram.com Buck Meadows is also a great place to spend the night. The battle for Hetch Hetchy wasnt just conservationists vs preservationists. Explain your answer. They felt government must regulate competition to ensure that large combinations did not emerge. taken to Pinchothead of the Forest Servicewho took the information to the president. be called after a sufficient number of citizens had signed a petition. Courtesy of Evergreen Lodge Northern California's reservoir levels continued to rise in the week after an. There is plenty to see and do right here, from kayaking on the water to climbing the magnificent domes above. Horace Albright, the second director of the National Park Service, wrote that Franklin Lanes appointment to the cabinet was made specifically for the purpose of pushing this [Hetch Hetchy project], the so-called Raker-Pittman Bill. (Source: The Battle Over Hetch Hetchy, Robert W. Righter). Hetch Hetchy and Yosemite Valley are so similar because they were created by the same sequences of geological activity. A Century Later, the Battle for Hetch Hetchy Continues In the late nineteenth century, American Populism. o Faith in knowledge: applying to society the principles of natural and social sciences. What dramatically weakened the socialists? To bring relief to the situation, United States Secretary of the Treasury George B. Cortelyou ponied up $35 million of Federal money to quell the storm. Located at 3,900 feet, it boasts one of the longest hiking seasons in the park. Theodore Roosevelt led the fight in favor of building a dam at Hetch Hetchy. According to a local legend, Nate spotted a valley to the east that was too far to visit. How are these opinions different than and similar to today? The first is utilitarian conservation. Muir deeply inspired Pinchot, who in turn helped influence Muirs writing. Second, the sanctity of the national parks which they believed should not be violated. What was the IWW? Women's clubs began primarily as cultural organizations to provide middle- and upper-class women without an outlet for their intellectual energies. SUBSCRIBE FOR HUMANITIES MAGAZINE PRINT EDITION Browse all issuesSign up for HUMANITIES Magazine newsletter. John Muir knew that without public support, the Hetch Hetchy Valley would be lost. He brought together a coalition that would support his program. An adjacent building contains another five suites with vaulted ceilings, forest views and soaking tubs. Hetch Hetchy was a spectacular, high walled valley, in the Yosemite National Park, and was popular with naturalists such as Muir and other Sierra Club members. Looking up at Wapama Falls from the footbridge on the hiking trail. Some endorsed the radical goals of European Marxists Some argued society required a distinctive female "sphere"wives and mothers. What was Wilson's first triumph as president? I will agree to take down Hetch Hetchy, when we first replace it with a bigger new reservoir such as a bigger taller Yosemite Valley dam at El Capitan. Hetch-Hetchy Controversy 598, A battle between preservationists and San Francisco in 1913, over Hetch Hetchy valley in Yosemite. Others envisioned a moderate reform that would allow small-scale private enterprise to survive, but would nationalize major industries. In the sum of American economic expansion the intrusion might have seemed a minor, obscure matter, but to [John] Muir immense issues were involved: why had the nation preserved that pure wildness in the first place? If you want to follow the old railroad line today, the Hetch Hetchy Road and most of the Mather Road were built on the old railroad bed and are beautiful scenic drives as well. APUSH Practice Exam #1 - Medium In 1923, the O'Shaughnessy Damwas completed on the Tuolumne River, flooding the entire valley under the Hetch Hetchy Reservoir. APUSH Chapter 21 Vocabulary. o One of the few labor organizations of the time to champion the cause of unskilled workers 4.9 (8 reviews) A reform movement led by Protestant ministers who used religious doctrine to demand better housing and living conditions for the urban poor. Western states accused Cleveland of an imperialist land grab. How did their role change over time? Formerly called Buck Meadows Restaurant and Bar, the new caf crosses rustic-mountain flair with roadside cafe friendliness. Some clubs were important in winning passage of state (and ultimately federal) laws that regulated the food and drug industries, reformed policies with Native Americans, urban housing, manufacture and sale of alcohol, child labor laws, women's pensions. What was the WCTU? Slow down and spend the day at Tenaya Lake a beautiful and easy-to-get-to alpine lake cupped by granite domes. conditions of the industrial workplace. o Banning campaign contributions by corporations Socialist Party of America They were both initially carved by rivers flowing down the Sierras relatively gentle western slope. As well dam for water-tanks the peoples cathedrals and churches, for no holier temple has ever been consecrated by the heart of man.. While the debate goes on, Hetch Hetchy remains a relaxing and often-overlooked corner of the park much to the delight of hikers and backpackers who prefer less touristy experiences. The surface of the water hides an additional 300 feet of granite cliffs and once-upon-a-time waterfalls within its depths. o Opponents called them the "Wobblies". The people of San Francisco won and were able to build a reservoir in the valley. Hetch Hetchy was a spectacular, high walled valley, in the Yosemite National Park, and was popular with naturalists such as Muir and other Sierra Club members. For Chapter 29 only read and take notes on pages 679-685 Key Concept 7.1: Growth expanded opportunity, while economic instability led to new efforts to . Albert Bierstadt was known for his sweeping landscapes of the American West. causing much controversy. Like light shining through a prism, our views today must reflect the colorful variety of perspectives passed down through history. o Declining family size While John Muir led the fight against building the dam, the opposition was supported by Gifford Pinchot. The trail to Wapama Falls is one of the most popular trails in the Hetch Hetchy area for a good reason. It was the second tallest dam in the U.S. at the time. o They supported pacifism and labor organizing The Panic of 1907 was a relatively serious economic downturn in the United States caused by a New York credit crunch that spread across the nation and led to the closings of banks and businesses. It was such an evening as I have never had before or since. This friendship was critical to the success of the National Forest Commission. Some hydro-power dams withhold and then release water to generate power for peak demand periods, which is particularly disruptive to migrating fish. Who was in charge and where did they gain their support?
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