4950. Two months later, however, the Council of Islamic Ideology (CII)333Close made some recommendations regarding the dnyt syllabus which were portrayed as a great concession to Shias by the newspaper Naw-i Waqt: there should be a common syllabus for the subjects Koran, the life of the Prophet (srat) and ethics (akhlqyt) up to the matric grade, but different points of view of Sunnis and Shias on ethics should be included in the last two of five chapters of a common textbook. The conflict as such had surfaced in Pakistan already in the 1950s, with some ulam from the dn madris complaining about how the zkirs and preachers would be misleading the Shia awm and distracting them from their religious obligations.215Close In 1959 one of the most successful preachers and munzirs, Maulana Muhammad Ismail (190176),216Close struck back. IV, pp. They used stones, bottles and unlicensed weapons without restraint and did not shrink back from arson. In the meantime the Shias should form more SMCs, recruit more members and razkrs, and collect funds.364Close Trouble was far from over, as could also be seen from a lengthy and relentless polemic of Mushtaq Husain Naqvi against Qizilbash and Shaiq Ambalvi published on 24 July and 1 August. He became President of the JUP in January 1969. The time is fast approaching when all religious groups will perform their religious ceremonies in complete freedom 19Close, Such eulogies on the martial law government were also common in editorials of Razkr in the years from 1959 to 1962. Occupations. Its leading members were Sufi Muhammad Anwar, Hajji Muhammad Husain Rizvan, Hajji Sharif Husain, Hajji Amir Ali, Seth Nawazish Ali, Khwaja Muhammad Ashraf, and Khallu Karamat Ali (Misbh ul-Qurn, 1/1990, pp. They cannot agree with each other on the organisation of the dn madris because it would be detrimental to their zkir-business They take fees of 100 Rupees for a majlis and make themselves ghzs of the word with expensive ab-o-qab, sumptuous pulpits and the art of rhetoric, but leave work and efforts for the people and prefer serenity for themselves 143Close, These were notably the views of a man who had some years earlier been referred to as the most sincere person of our qaum by the editor of al-Muballigh, the mouthpiece of the orthodox ulam.144Close In fact many of the latter fully shared his misgivings about the zkirs,145Close although they would probably not have agreed with the way he was putting ulam and zkirs into one basket. LUBP Razkr 29/25:3 (24 June 1966). 1923, 4648. S. Ahmad Ali Shah vitriolic speeches against Qizilbash and Shamsi reached a climax. This new practice, which has been applied ever since in Pakistan,316Close was ostensibly a balanced precautionary measure against sectarian strife. Dihlavi shortly before his death dedicated his private library to another trust headed by Hasan Ali Pirbhai (, According to his son S. Ahmad Jauhar, he even retreated from preaching to a large extent in the 1950s (, Authors interview with S. Khurshid Abbas Gardezi, (Multan, 1 March 1999), Most Pakistani Shias interviewed by the author on the subject have confirmed that. On 10 March that year (21 Ramadan 1380H, death anniversary of the Imam Ali) there were attacks on Shia processions in Karachi (Razkr 24/11:3; 24/12:7). Natasha Ali is a Pakistani entertainer, Model, and host. Dihlavi, who feared that agitation in Lahore and elsewhere might turn violent and jeopardise the achievements of three years of Shia communal mobilisation, agreed to these conditions and called off the Lahore Convention.353Close He even allowed Qizilbash to portray himself as having taken over the command of the campaign for the Shia demands. 2) Objectionable contents of textbooks on history and Islmyt will be removed by a board comprising Shia and Sunni ulam. Razkr 26/24:4 (24 June 1963); 26/28:3 (24 July 1963). The latter, during a meeting of its Council in Lahore on 17 February 1967, lauded the CII proposals because they had accepted separate dnyt in principle, and appealed to the government to implement them.337Close The Ministry of Education shortly after started to act according to the CII recommendations.338Close, While the APSC President Qizilbash stood his ground as an undeclared rival of S. Muhammad Dihlavi during the following yearsfacilitated by the end of his political disqualification period under EBDO on 31 December 1966339Closethe ITHS further disintegrated after the SMCs Multan Convention. Such zkirs which deviate from that movement must not be given the opportunity to share the Shia platform, i.e. One repeated the known hard-line positions against azdr,372Close another emphasised the need of including the life of the sahba in the dnyt syllabus, although hinting at the possibility to make it non-compulsory for Shias to attend. Literally delegation, i.e. On some incidents in Dera Ismail Khan, Kot Addu, Mailsi and Peshawar on the 10 Muharram 1381H (23 June 1961) see Razkr 24/26:3. Zameer Akhtar (Pakistan) 8. These things are not coming unexpected for me; rather I have started this work expecting such difficulties and sufferings 274Close, On the other hand, Dhakko once more denied that he was opposed to the zkirs generally, insisting that he was their well-wisher and only wanted to rectify some of their current faults.275Close However, this could not make his attacks on the status quo of majlis and the zkir-business in Pakistan less objectionable in the eyes of his opponents. Other issues raised by the Shia press in these years included renewed criticism of the local anjumans, which were accused of squandering Shia capital for majlis and mahfil instead of doing constructive work for the welfare of their respective communities,59Close and of the excessive habit of collecting donations (chanda) which had created a class of chanda-eaters.60Close, On 79 April 1961 the ITHS held its first annual session since 1956 when Hafiz Kifayat Husain had been elected chairman.61Close The latter had almost withdrawn from his leadership functions already one year later after a personal quarrel with the acting Secretary-General, Muzaffar Ali Shamsi,62Close but had been replaced only in early 1961.63Close His successor Major (retd.) By 1964 he was again very active in this field, apparently still enjoying privileged access to the ruling circles.14Close Among those disqualified through EBDO were also his distant relative Mumtaz Husain Qizilbash (18971964), who had been Chief Minister of the Khairpur State from 1948 until its dissolution in 1955 and later a minister of the West Pakistan government,15Close and Col. He also spoke out against Qizilbash at the Rawalpindi Convention on 3 November (Razkr 31/4243:6). this is a long and painful story some 5060 years ago some famous preachers have spread these doctrines from the pulpit,287Close although some famous responsible ulam from Lahore and Lucknow have tried to resist them as good as they could but most of the awam did not pay attention to the timely voice of these ulam then in the life-time of these preachers or after their deaths some of their gifted disciples have spread their doctrines over a long period with speeches and articles; some famous books coloured by these doctrines were also published and were readily accepted by the preachers and zkirs and the awm288Close seeking to please the awm, most so-called preachers gave such beliefs more colour (sic). [Their] leadership of the qaum: abolished; representing the qaum: nonexistent; progress of religious knowledge: finished; work for reform and organisation together with preaching: zero; [they are] staying away from efforts for the Shia demands. Thus in early 1963 the TAS leader Nur ul-Hasan Bukhari took an ITHS convention in Lahore devoted to the demand for separate dnyt as the starting point for a renewed attack on Shia azdr traditions.79Close His editorial in the TAS organ Dawat on 1 February 1963 articulated an interesting new argument against the Shia practices (excerpts): The TAS has been struggling for 12 years that no sectarian majlis, meeting (jalsa) or procession can be held in the settlement of a section of the population if it contradicts its beliefs. Asad, 18 February 1968, quoted in Razkr 31/10:3. S. Muhammad Dihlavi in his speech said that five years of organised and steady efforts had achieved what the known traitors of the Shia people could not achieve within twenty years in spite of their good relations to the highest government circles. famous shia zakir in pakistan. Naturally, nothing was done in these months to implement the promises given to the Shias. Razkr 24/1415:8. Razkr 26/29:1+5 (1 August 1963). Until 1958 special passports for pilgrims wishing to visit the holy sites in Saudia Arabia. No textbook on these subjects will be used in schools without approval of the said board. The campaign against him was led by Muhammad Bashir Ansari, Muhammad Ismail, Mirza Yusuf Husain and Zamir ul-Hasan Najafi.276Close Dhakko would accuse these ulam and others who had migrated to Pakistan from India after 1947 of having always opposed the founding of dn madris in the country because they wanted to safeguard their monopoly of religious learning. There are also significant numbers of Shii Muslims. A quarter in Baghdad were frequent altercations between local Shias and Sunnis have taken place since the tenth century; see Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. Muhammad Ismail, for his part, stuck to his hard-line stance against the khums-eating ulam until the end of his life,229Close whereas the latter wrote a number of books in defence of their position.230Close, If the khums controversy was a set-back for the efforts of the orthodox ulam to enhance the observance of the fiqh-i jafarya among Pakistans Shias, some progress was made with regard to the organisation of dn madris in the years after 1959. The text quoted above contained a new element of criticism of the professional preachers, namely the accusation that they were corrupting Shia doctrines with ghulw and tafwz. Zaki Baqri (Canada) 3. One effect of the October 1958 events was to remove some Shia individuals from the highest positions of power. In 1964 he moved to Lyallpur (later Faisalabad) where he founded the Madrasat Dars-i l-i Muhammad; see Husain, Matla-i anwr, pp. His most effective way of mobilising support was frequent tours to centres of Shia presence throughout Pakistan, which he kept up almost until his death in 1971. Similar outbreaks of violence could be prevented in the following years by stricter security precautions in Muharram, but for the sake of symmetry Shias had to live with more restrictions than before.123Close. And if controversial matters are treated as such, the students will be confused and split among each other Shia hadth and fiqh should be taught separately and exams should be separate, too. In an article, starting with references to the respect for the ulam in Pakistans society and an account of the valuable services they would be able to perform in principle, he continued in a very different vein: But alas! 5556. A new Shia movement led by Sayyid Muhammad Dihlavi was launched in 1964 pressing for three demands, namely separate religious instruction, exclusive Shia control over their religious endowments (Auqaf), and freedom and protection of their religious processions. A milestone in this respect was the translation of Shaikh Ibn Babuya as-Sadduqs Aqid mazhab al-sha by S. Manzur Husain Bukhari (Sargodha) with lengthy commentaries from Muhammad Husain Dhakko, which was published in 1964 under the title Ahsan ul-fawid f sharhi l-aqid.257Close With this book Dhakko laid the ground for a controversy that was still going on more than three decades later. On 11 May the three-months ultimatum had run out without any satisfactory reply from the government, and the SMC faced the dilemma how to make good its threat. Therefore conflict always comes from mixed dnyt and not from separate instruction. ed., pp. He argued that this religious taxtheoretically one fifth of the net annual savings of the Shia believers217Closecould only be spent for the support of needy sayyids.218Close But this had never been the case in Shia religious practice anywhere. In the years from 1966 to 1968 Shia communal mobilisation in Pakistan reached a climax, which was not to be repeated until the decade following the 1979 Iranian revolution. Zaidi, Mutlabt aur Khatb-i Azam, p. 86 (no exact date is given there and in other sources available to the author). In Pakistan our ulam have become professional zkirs. The newly proclaimed leader of all Shias in Pakistan, although approaching his sixty-sixth birthday, was able to maintain and increase the momentum created by the successful Karachi Convention. 13536. After the anecdotes comes the art of telling about the masib250Close (where matters of five minutes are stretched to fifteen minutes) and the people are made weep well (sic); then the sponsor of the majlis is openly browbeaten to pay the recompense, and the money is counted in front of him it is not called a benefaction, but the wage for two hours of hard work. He had worked for the Ydgar-i Murtazv Institute and later became director of the Khorasan Islamic Centre in Karachi. The Jmiat us-Saqlain Rawalpindi, founded in 1962, was later enlarged and renamed Madrasat yatullh al-Hakm; see Fn 200 to chapter 5 (p. 413). The President had agreed in principle and declared his readiness to form a mixed board with adequate Shia representation to revise syllabi and make recommendations for the removal of such contents which would be objectionable for Shias. It was also attended by Amir Ahmad Khan of Mahmudabad, Ala ud-Din Siddq and the ministers Muhammad Ali Hoti and S. Ahmad Sad Kermani. According to that source the madrasa had received only Rs. In the following year, the Shia Mutlabt (Demands) Committee was to become a new organisation of its own, comprising hundreds of branches; see section 4.5, pp. The entire qaum must stand in support like an immovable rock with firm foundations, crush all dissent and disunity and be prepared for any sacrifice 310Close, Apparently such appeals met with remarkable immediate success, comparable to the initial success of the ITHS in 194849.311Close While a number of activists of the old organisations still discussed ways and means of merging the APSC with the ITHS, most ITHS members just switched their loyalty to S. Muhammad Dihlavi and founded branches of the SMC in their home-towns. On the other side, many articles in the Shia press from the late 1950s onwards deplored a rampant materialism and fast decline of interest in religion in their society, especially among the higher educated young generation, and appealed to the ulam to change their old-fashioned style of preaching in order to meet that challenge. 10814) Hajji Daud Nsir recalls how he had repeatedly invited S. Muhammad Dihlavi to speak at majlis in Bombay, but the latter had refused to accept any payment for them. Ali Raza (UK) 7. Pakistan Times, 23 December 1963; see also above, Fn 106. When S.H.O Nasrullah going to SHAHEED, IMAM BARGAH BABUL HAWAiJ worshiper or follower of Seraiki Shia community intervene specially women's who belongs to famous Seraiki Shia ZAKIR of KOTT ADDU, Mr. Ahmed Bux Bhatti (Late) and ZAKIR Qasir Abbas Bhatti, S.H.O don't listen to them even beaten women with baton charge and arrested 4 Seraiki . It assures the government that their statements are only private opinions, and that they do not represent the Shias.330Close. Top 35 Pakistani famous Islamic scholars - Fastknowers Razkr 35/35:4 (obituary for S. Muhammad Dihlavi); Mirza Yusuf Husain did not give names, but prominent ulam in Hyderabad at that time were Habib ul-Hasan Najafi, Hashmat Ali and S. Thamar Husain Zaidi; see Naqv, Tazkira, pp. What's particularly alarming is the rate of increase of Shia deaths in Pakistan in recent years. Razkr 26/28:2 (24 July 1963); see also section 3.5, p. 91. Translated from Razkr 29/3435:6; on S. Ibn Hasan Jarchavi see section 3.2, p. 71. See references in Fn 219 to chapter 3 (p. 375). the school of thought which believes in tafwz. Although the ordinance affected Sunnis as well as Shias, the latter saw it as a new obstacle for their azdr processions, because the use of loudspeakers was henceforth banned in case the people of the area were disturbed and under a number of other circumstances.204Close, The government, instead of discussing the Shia demands within the joint commission, went ahead with its plan to appoint two Shias for a Joint Waqf Administration Board. On Mian Ghulam Qadir see also Mujeeb Ahmad, Jamiyyat Ulama-i-Pakistan, pp. Allama Sayyed Imdad Husayn Kazmi al-Mashadi - Pakistani Shi'a scholar who wrote tafsir of Qur'an (Qur'an ul-Mubeen, This page was last edited on 1 May 2023, at 12:33. The Dars-i l-i Muhammad of Lyallpur was founded in 1964 by Muhammad Ismail with a special emphasis on the art of munzara; see Razkr 27/23:7 (1 August 1964); 28/47:3 (16 December 1965). According to the 196061 annual report of the Anjuman-i Muhammadya Sargodha, syllabi were unified after the April 1960 meeting (Supplement to al-Muballigh 5/2 [March 1961] p. The events of 1963 served as a catalyst for a new start in Shia communal organisation, which had been in the air for some years. He had previously been in the service of Nawab Muzaffar Ali Khan Qizilbash and his elder brother Nisr Ali Khan. By 1966 it had become a habit that wherever Shias started building mosques of their own, some local Sunnis would launch a movement against such plans, and in many cases the administration withheld construction permits in order to safeguard public order.318Close. 7071. The most serious challenge for Shias, as in the late 1950s, came from the TAS and its numerous preachers who were able to ignite the passions of the Sunni awm. With other words: Sunni Islam, abiding to the example of both the Prophet and the sahba. Naseem Abbas (Pakistan) 6. Neither has such a separation caused so much extra expenses or work that it would have been impractical.374Close, According to General Muhammad Musa, Ayub Khan himself held similar views and had instructed him to have the problem solved as soon as possible.375Close However, faced with increasing pressure from the opposition parties in that year,376Close the government was not ready to offer radical Sunnis another issue for attacks on itself, and it continued to temporise. 14445. The income of a waqf can only be used according to its purpose173Close How is that to be achieved? Therefore we want that both Shia and Sunni children receive religious instruction of their own so that the pupils can become fully acquainted with their mazhab and its requirements171Close and become true Muslims in that way For example, at the Aligarh University there are separate branches for Shia and Sunni dnyt and separate congregational prayers for both sects 172Close, The second issue is concerning the Shia auqf The government has passed laws to prevent their misuse by mutawalls and administrators. Razkr 31/4243:1+2 (1624 November 1958). He was elected Vice-Chairman of the MAUSP (see below) at the 1964 Karachi Convention and would accompany S. Muhammad Dihlavi during all his tours to different towns and districts in Pakistan (Razkr 35/35:4; 16 September 1971); see also references in Fn 239 to chapter 3, p. 376). 13940. Maulana Abd ul-Hamid Badayuni (18981970) had been a long-term activist of the Muslim League, who played a prominent role during the Pakistan Movement in the 1940s. Instead, the inconvenience caused for local Sunnis by the lengthy azdr processions through the narrow lanes of the Old City was highlighted in some detail.119Close Apparently more important than the identity of the instigators of sectarian violence were questions as to whether security precautions taken by the local administration had been sufficient, and whether the comportment of the police was adequate after rioting had started.120Close, The report closed with ten recommendations from the chairman of the Inquiry Committee which had been accepted in principle by the government: 1) the establishment of a reconciliation committee; 2) no new licences for processions and cancelling of licences for those who had not abided to the conditions; 3) no change of traditional procession routes except in case of dangers for security or in amicable agreement with the organisers; 4) additional conditions regarding security of the processions for licence-holders; 5) if possible, the duration of the main zljinnh procession should be reduced; and there should be no mtam in front of mosques at the time of prayers or azn; 6) severe punishment for disrespectful references to the leaders of another sect; 7) a ban on carrying arms in Muharram; 8) private volunteers should not be employed on traffic duty or other duties normally performed by the police; 9) punishment for the spreading of rumours; 10) strengthening of the Lahore police force.121Close, As it turned out, no culprits of the 1963 sectarian violence were ever punished, whether in Lahore or in Theri.122Close The basic dilemma of any government in Pakistan, namely the need not to be perceived as biased in favour of the Shia minority, led to relative laxity towards Sunni extremists during the second half of the Ayub Khan era, despite the events of 1963. 3857; Malik, Islamisierung, pp. They corrupt their own beliefs and those of the audience with traditions [full] of ghulw252Close and tafwz.253Close Such people have spoiled the tastes of the listeners to such an extent that if some preacher or lim-i dn talks of prayers, fasting or other obligations of religion they stand up and start to leave the majlis Nowadays the success or popularity of a preacher is no longer based on knowledge, virtue, asceticism and piety, but on his ability to make the audience laugh with anecdotes and make them cry as long as possible by telling self-fabricated traditions about the masib 254Close.
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