Alexander's conquest of the Middle East would have taken Greek male lineages much further afield, perhaps as far as Afghanistan and Pakistan, although only at trace frequencies. [30] Three South Africans tested positive for this marker. His haplotype, although not confirmed by SNP testing yet, is predicted as E-V13. It has been hypothesized that E1b1a, including its subbranch E1b1a7 (defined by M191, and not tested in the present study), arose in west Central Africa and was later taken southward through a demic expansion ( Cruciani et al. [25], Amid the Green Sahara, the mutation for sickle cell originated in the Sahara[26] or in the northwest forest region of western Central Africa (e.g., Cameroon)[26][27] by at least 7,300 years ago,[26][27] though possibly as early as 22,000 years ago. [25] Ajana was of western Central African ancestry and carried haplogroup L2a1I. A few isolated occurrences of E-M2 have also been observed among populations in Southern Europe, such as Croatia, Malta, Spain and Portugal.[49][50][51][52]. The publication transposes M116.2 with M116.1 in Table 1. [19] Human leukocyte antigen alleles further confirm that the individuals were of Sub-Saharan African origin. Kayser M, Caglia A, Corach D et al. So we know for sure that E1b1b was present in southern Europe at least since the Early Neolithic. E1b1a is an African lineage that expanded from northern Africa to sub-Saharan and equatorial Africa with the Bantu agricultural expansion. The expansion of the Bantu-speaking people (EBSP) during the past 30005000 years is an event of great importance in the history of humanity. The Genomic History of the Bronze Age Southern Levant The basal subclade is quite regularly observed in M2+ samples. Anthropology, archaeology, linguistics and, in recent decades, genetics have been used to elucidate some of the events and processes involved. These locations mainly cover West, Central-West, East, South-East and South Africa. It is not clear at present whether they expanded beyond the Near East during the Neolithic period, but they might have been part of the Neolithic expansion to North Africa and Iberia alongside haplogroups T1a and/or R1b-V88. Bellwood P : Early agriculturalist population diasporas? Montano et al. Where Did Haplogroup E1b1b Originate and Expand From? Zidane was named the best European footballer of the past 50 years in the UEFA Golden Jubilee Poll. They would have brought typically Germanic lineages like I1 and R1b-U106, but also the Proto-Slavic R1a-CTS1211, which is now found uniformly in 1 to 2% of the population. The YCAII STR marker value of 1919 is also usually indicative of U175. As a Germanic tribe they might have carried a small percentage of E-V13. [25] Banza was of western Central African ancestry and carried haplogroups E1b1a-CTS668 and L3e3b1. Evaluation of Y-chromosomal STRs: a multicenter study. The Etruscans, who may have come from western Anatolia, could have brought E-M34 to central Italy, which would then have been assimilated by the Romans. This page is not available in other languages. and (b) If so, did those expansions take different routes? Hum Genet 1999; 105: 577581. The absence of E-V13 from Central Anatolia does not concord with a diffusion linked to Neolithic agriculture. Contrasting patterns of Y chromosome and mtDNA variation in Africa: evidence for sex-biased demographic processes. Forensic Sci Int 2000; 114: 3143. As of November 2016, he was the 12th richest person in the world. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). The TMRCA was estimated using an average NRY STR mutation rate of 0.00245 and generation time of 25 years. The genetic structure and history of Africans and African Americans. The basal node E-L485* appears to be somewhat uncommon but has not been sufficiently tested in large populations. Destro-Bisol G, Donati F, Coia V et al. Y6923 also emerged around 3500 BCE, but became almost extinct. The control region of the mtDNA sequence, due to its high mutation rate, has been extensively used in examining the impact of EBSP on the genetic landscape of sub-Saharan Africa.5, 17, 18, 19 It has been postulated that some mtDNA haplogroups (eg, L3b, L3e and L2a), based on their distribution in sub-Saharan Africa, are associated with the EBSP, whereas the presence of haplogroup L1c at high frequency in some populations on the western route is thought to be the result of assimilation of local female hunter gatherers.17 It has been suggested that because agriculturist men are more likely to marry local women rather than vice versa,15, 16 the maternal genetic profile of Bantu-speaking groups is marked by considerable diversity. Gurdeep Matharu Lall, Maarten H. D. Larmuseau, Mark A. Jobling, Sandra Oliveira, Alexander Hbner, Jorge Rocha, Daniel E. Platt, Hovig Artinian, Pierre Zalloua, Mugdha Singh, Anujit Sarkar & Madhusudan R. Nandineni, Hovhannes Sahakyan, Ashot Margaryan, Richard Villems, Enrico Macholdt, Leonardo Arias, Mark Stoneking, Kenneth K. Kidd, Baigalmaa Evsanaa, Andrew J. Pakstis, Veronika Csky, Dniel Gerber, Anna Szcsnyi-Nagy, European Journal of Human Genetics An Indo-European dispersal of V13 subclades would not only explain why E-V13 is present in places like Finland, northwest Russia or Siberia, where Neolithic farmers had a negligible impact, but also why E-V13 is so conspicuously lacking from the Basque country and (central) Sardinia, the two regions of Europe with the highest Neolithic ancestry. Thomas MG, Skorecki K, Ben Ami H, Parfitt T, Bradman N, Goldstein DB : Origins of old testament priests. If you are new to genetic genealogy, please check our Introduction to phylogenetics to understand how to read a phylogenetic tree. The third are the Goths. Migrations within the Roman Empire probably played a role, although a minor one, in the redistribution of E1b1b in Europe. The major finding of these studies was that genetic distances (FST) among all EBSP groups are much less than the average FST among West-African and Nilo-Saharan groups, indicating a considerable level of homogeneity among EBSP groups. The weak point of this hypothesis is that it doesn't explain how M81 reached places like France, Britain, Greece or Turkey, nor even northern Spain. Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807-1882), the general, politician and nationalist who played a large role in the history of Italy, probably belonged to haplogroup E-V13 based on the Y-DNA results from another Garibaldi from the same province in his ancestral Liguria. Decker et al (2013) reported that Iberian and Italian cattle possess introgression from African taurine, which could imply that cattle were not just domesticated in West Asia, but also independently in North Africa. Scozzari et al24 and Underhill et al25 found UEP (M2 and its analogues such as DYS271G) present at high frequencies specifically in sub-Saharan Africa and suggested this marker as a signature of EBSP. Cruciani et al. Of course, the TMRCA is only an estimate and could vary by a few centuries. 2018). [20], At Cabeo da Amoreira, in Portugal, an enslaved West African man, who may have been from the Senegambian coastal region of Gambia, Mauritania, or Senegal, and carried haplogroups E1b1a and L3b1a, was buried among shell middens between the 16th century CE and the 18th century CE. The authors declare no conflict of interest. E-M2 is found at low to moderate frequencies in North Africa, and Northeast Africa. . Ironically this haplogroup thought to be at the origin of Afro-Asiatic languages, which includes the Semitic languages and peoples that Hitler despised so much. Dallas: SIL International, 2009. [13] [14] [13][14], At Kindoki, in the Democratic Republic of Congo, there were three individuals, dated to the protohistoric period (230 BP, 150 BP, 230 BP); one carried haplogroups E1b1a1a1d1a2 (E-CTS99, E-CTS99) and L1c3a1b, another carried haplogroup E (E-M96, E-PF1620), and the last carried haplogroups R1b1 (R-P25 1, R-M415) and L0a1b1a1. That ancestor would have lived about 4,100 years ago, during the Bronze Age. (2022) analysed the DNA of the remains of John Corvinus and his son Christopher Corvinus, the two last members of the Hunyadi family. Lyndon B. Johnson (1908-1973), the 36th President of the United States, was identified as a member of haplogroup E1b1b1 through the Johnson/Johnston/Johnstone DNA Surname Project. The TMRCA at 47005300 YBP is entirely consistent with the haplogroup being present in West Africa at the dawn of the EBSP. Haplogroup E-M2 - Wikipedia E-M34 is the main Middle Eastern variety of E1b1b and is thought to have arrived with the Proto-Semitic people in the Late Copper to Early Bronze Age. What is surprising with E-V13 is that it is as common in R1a-dominant as in R1b-dominant countries. The Phoenicians would have spread E-M34 to Cyprus, Malta, Sicily, Sardinia, Ibiza and southern Iberia. 194, Last edited on 14 February 2023, at 11:37, Conversion table for Y chromosome haplogroups, Y-chromosome haplogroups in populations of the world, Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Sub-Saharan Africa, "The peopling of the last Green Sahara revealed by high-coverage resequencing of trans-Saharan patrilineages", "Phylogeographic Refinement and Large Scale Genotyping of Human Y Chromosome Haplogroup E Provide New Insights into the Dispersal of Early Pastoralists in the African Continent", "Whole-Genome-Sequence-Based Haplotypes Reveal Single Origin of the Sickle Allele during the Holocene Wet Phase", "A new topology of the human Y chromosome haplogroup E1b1 (E-P2) revealed through the use of newly characterized binary polymorphisms", "Y-DNA Haplogroup E and its Subclades 2010", "Y-chromosomal diversity in the population of Guinea-Bissau: a multiethnic perspective", "Contrasting 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Distribution of haplogroup E-M81 in Europe, the Middle East & North Africa. [13][14], Hawass et al. Evol Bioinform Online 2005; 1: 4750. Wairak people in Tanzania tested 4.6% (2/43) positive for E-M10. Our analysis of NRY from groups over a wide geographic area is consistent with both these conclusions. All haplogroups within E1b1a were observed in the Bantu Homeland, West-Central Africa, East Africa and Ghana, whereas haplogroup E1b1a8a1a, although present in the Bantu Homeland and East Africa, was not observed in either Ghana or West-Central Africa. Attempts were made to identify genetic relationships among EBSP groups in the context of Africa as a whole10, 11 (also see Supplementary Figure S112). Samples in the Congolese data set have been divided into three pie charts representing Bantu H, B and C speakers. Pereira L, Macaulay V, Torroni A, Scozzari R, Prata MJ, Amorim A : Prehistoric and historic traces in the mtDNA of Mozambique: insights into the Bantu expansions and the slave trade. It's typical of all E1b1b haplogroups, but E1b1a has instead 438=11 and only 2% of E1b1a samples have 438=10. Salas A, Richards M, Lareu MV et al. Previously collected buccal-swab DNA samples from ethnic groups across sub-Saharan Africa were extracted by the standard phenol-chloroform method. (2021) indicates that Ramesses III and Unknown Man E, possibly Pentawere, carried haplogroup E1b1a. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, European Journal of Human Genetics (Eur J Hum Genet) Mol Biol Evol 2009; 26: 15811589. The outer and two inner fragments were amplified in a 10-l reaction volume containing 1l (1ng) of template DNA, 1.6l (50uM) dNTPs, 9.3nM TaqStart monoclonal antibody (BD Biosciences Clontech, Oxford, UK), 0.13U of Taq polymerase (HT Biotech, Cambridge, UK) and outer and inner primers (see Supplementary Table S2 for primer details). Holden CJ : Bantu language trees reflect the spread of farming across sub-Saharan Africa: a maximum-parsimony analysis. Perspective pg. E-M2 has several subclades, but many of these subhaplogroups are included in either E-L485 or E-U175. and JavaScript. Visual representation of the distribution of E1b1a component The descendants of L791, Y2947 and Y4971, only appeared around 3500 BCE, during the Late Neolithic or Chalcolithic period. Marieke van de Loosdrecht et al. . 12-05-14, 06:53 #2. bicicleur. NAP was supported by NERC-Case PhD studentship. In other words, the frequency of the haplogroup decreases as one moves from western and southern Africa toward the eastern and northern parts of Africa.[30]. There is clearly a radiation from the Greece (where E-V13 makes up approximately 30% of the paternal lineages) to the East Mediterranean (where the frequency drops to under 5%). Genome Res 1997; 7: 9961005. Early genetic studies of Bantu-speaking people were based on classical gene frequency data. We conclude that analysis of NRY in 43 widely distributed population groups from across sub-Saharan Africa provides evidence of multiple expansions from West Africa along the western and eastern routes and a late specifically eastern expansion at some time during the past two millennia during a period in which male-mediated gene flow from East-Central to West-Central Africa does not appear to have taken place, at least to any significant extent. There is evidence that the Natufians already cultivated cereals like rye before the Neolithic period. Tanya M Simms 2011, The Peopling of the Bahamas: A Phylogeographical Ann Hum Genet 2001; 65: 439458. Since then, this marker (now defining the E1b1a haplogroup) has been typed in many groups across sub-Saharan Africa19, 26, 27, 28 and, without exception, all studies have shown that the majority of NRY types in Bantu-speaking groups belong to this haplogroup. [30] E-M10 was found in a single person of the Lissongo group in the Central African Republic and two members in a "Mixed" population from the Adamawa region.[12]. By the time this paper was written ancient DNA data from the Levant and the Near East had surfaced. peoples). In doing so, we assume (a) that the NRY has a genealogy that, at least in that part of the genealogical tree analysed in this paper, can be unambiguously constructed using UEP polymorphisms47 (Figure 2) and (b) ASD is a measure of STR diversity that increases linearly over time and that calculating ASD from the common ancestor of a random sample of NRY that are members of a haplogroup provides an estimate of the TMRCA.43 Consistent with previous studies, we observed a high frequency modal of six-STR NRY haplotype (DYS19, 388, 390, 391, 392, 393:151221101113) throughout the area of the EBSP.26, 35, 36 Interpreting the frequencies of the component haplogroups of E1b1a within the context of their geographic distribution and TMRCA values throws additional light on the expansions associated with the EBSP. In this study, we analysed unique event polymorphism and short tandem repeat variation in non-recombining Y-chromosome haplogroups contained within the E1b1a haplogroup, which is exclusive to individuals of recent African ancestry, in a large, geographically widely distributed, set of sub-Saharan Africans (groups=43, n=2757), all of whom, except one Nilo-Saharan-speaking group, spoke a Niger-Congo language and most a Bantu tongue. Castri L, Tofanelli S, Garagnani P et al. Whilst E1b1a reaches its highest frequency of 81% in Senegal, only 1 of the 139 Senegalese that were tested showed M191/P86. They were supposedly descended from John Wright (1488-1551), of Kelvedon Hall, Essex, England, which allowed the Wright Surname DNA Project to isolate their paternal lineage based on the matching haplotypes of over 20 participants descending from that lineage. Combined use of biallelic and microsatellite Y-chromosome polymorphisms to infer affinities among African populations. Nevertheless, many lineages now found among the Ethiopians and Somalians appear to have come from the Fertile Crescent during the Neolithic period. Genetic and demographic implications of the Bantu expansion: insights from human paternal lineages. E1b1a1a1g (YCC E1b1a8) is defined by marker U175. Table 1 reports the frequencies of all observed haplogroups, including the component haplogroups of E1b1a. [25] Kidzera was of western Central African ancestry and carried haplogroup L2a1a2c. Montano V, Ferri G, Marcari V et al. F1382 appears to have expanded during the Iron Age from the Levant to the Arabian peninsula, where it is almost exclusively found today. For many years the vast majority of academics have assumed that E-V13 and other E1b1b lineages came to the Balkans from the southern Levant via Anatolia during the Neolithic, and that the high frequency of E-V13 was caused by a founder effect among the colonisers. How many people in the world are estimated to have E1b1a DNA, a genetic A good example is represented by some lineages internal to the E1b1a-M2 haplogroup, such as E1b1a-M10 and E1b1a-V5280, which are observed mainly in the Sahelian groups (D'Atanasio et al. Even within Britain it is found mainly in Wales, a region known to have served as a refuge for the Romano-British population during the Anglo-Saxon invasions. The EBSP impact on African demography has, over the past decade, also been studied by analysing paternal and maternal sex-specific genetic systems (non-recombining region of the Y chromosome (NRY) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)). However, because each is, in effect, a single linked locus, interpreting observed differences among groups must be undertaken with a high level of caution. Buccal swabs were collected from males >18 years old unrelated at the paternal grandfather level but otherwise randomly selected from 43 groups across sub-Saharan Africa (Supplementary Table S1, samples from Ghana, Nigeria and Cameroon were included in Veeramah et al (2010)35 and from South Africa in Thomas et al (2000)36). His DNA was compared to modern carriers of the same surname. Distribution of haplogroup E1b1b in Europe, the Near East and North Africa. The finer branches of the genealogical tree were associated with lower estimates of TMRCA (Figure 1). More specifically, E-M2 is the predominant subclade in West Africa, Central Africa, Southern Africa, and the region of the African Great Lakes; it also occurs at moderate frequencies in North Africa and Middle East. E1b1a1a1a is defined by marker M58. the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in This is a remarkably fast expansion that would have required a male line of considerable wealth and influence within the Roman Republic/Empire, and therefore probably a family of rich patricians or even a Roman emperor, not necessarily of Roman descent himself. E1b1a (L86.1) This mutation indicates that the population crossed the A1b1 dominated Grassland into the regions West of the great Lakes. Ramesses III is not E1b1a - Ancient Egypt [12][d], E1b1a1a1c is defined by private marker M149. Haplotype diversity, h, and its SE were estimated from unbiased formulae of Nei41 and was performed using Arlequin software version 3.0.42 Average squared difference (ASD) in STR allele size between all chromosomes and the presumed ancestral haplotype (assumed to be the modal haplotype), averaged over loci, were estimated using YTIME software,43 and corresponding 95% confidence intervals were calculated as described in Thomas et al44 using the R environment of statistical computing (www.R-project.org).
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