So the seedlings in the egg carton are fighting a serious uphill battle right from the start. Article Aphids secreted honeydew coats the leaf and hamper photosynthesis. The curvature of cucumber fruits is associated with spatial variation Pan, L. et al. Development of curling was separated from the application of this UV-B pulse by a 14-h latent period. J. Proc. China Vegetables 8, 2831 (2009). For instance, the endogenous level of auxin is closely associated with fruit shape, set, and size7. Aphids and other insect pests play a vital role in spreading this cucumber mosaic virus disease. Keywords: cotyledons, expansion growth, inhibition, ROS, UV-B Introduction You are paying a lot of attention to what you see, thinking about it, and giving the plants all the help you can. c Percentage of curved fruits of Col and OX plants. PDF Cucumber seedling dependence on cotyledonary leaves for early - SciELO The RNA integrity was further verified by 1.5% agarose gel electrophoresis. analyzed the sequencing data; S.L. In this article, I have tried to include all the information about cucumber leaves curling up with their practical treatments. And this leads to the yellowing and curling of leaves. So, it is better to check the soil moisture with a moisture meter(our pick: Atree 3-in-1 Soil Tester Kits with Moisture, Light, and PH Test for Garden) before treating it. By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. If youve applied a lot of fertilizer and can see white deposits around the drainage holes, flush the plant gradually with water and dont apply any more fertilizer. Once the cotyledons turn yellowish white, and then papery white and shrivel, the other leaves become stunted and the plant never grows again. The cloned cotyledons were regenerated as described previously31, and the transgenic lines were screened in MS media supplemented with 1mg/L glufosinate32. Especially for young cucumber plants. Protoc. Sometimes the soil gets compacted and as a result, water cannot reach the root zone. An egg carton is just too shallow. Through further analysis, we found that in response to the application of 0.15M NAA, the auxin content was consistent on both sides of fruits at 4 DPA (Fig. Biol. Beneficial modifications of the original technique included using 5-day-old cucumber (Cucumus sativus L., cv. National Pickling) cotyledons treated with combinations of 40 millimolar KCl and various concentrations of cytokinins. Here, we analyzed the transcriptome of the concave (C1) and convex (C2) sides of curved fruits at 2 DPA by Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment and functional pathway enrichment analyses and identified auxin as a putative factor influencing fruit curvature. These exocarps were used for RNA extraction using TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA). The number of fruits produced by the D0328-3 and D0859 genotypes was 220 (of which 86 were curved) and 200 (of which 56 were curved), respectively. 39, W316W322 (2011). Mix the ingredients well and spray thoroughly on both sides of the leaves. cucumber cotyledon curling & Guo, H. On hormonal regulation of the dynamic apical hook development. ISSN 2052-7276 (online) Furthermore, the auxin transporter genes AUX1 and LAX3 and auxin response factors (ARFs) also play an essential role in differential hook growth17. But you will notice a sticky substance called honeydew. Auxin levels were markedly higher on the convex side than on the concave side of the curved fruits, peaking at 4 DPA and gradually declining thereafter. Cucurbits (family Cucurbitaceae) are economically important vegetable crops. Cucumber Cotyledon Lipoxygenase during Postgerminative Growth. Its Grumet, R. & Colle, M. Genomic analysis of cucurbit fruit growth. Overall, asymmetric auxin distribution led to uneven growth of both sides of the fruit, resulting in the formation of curved fruits. Looks like you're in good shape! Check the lower side of the leaves. Keep reading to learn more about yellowing seedling plants and how to treat them. Seedling Leaves Turned Yellow: Fixing Yellowing Seedling Plants Article Growing them on a trellis gives fruits more space to spread, away from physical barriers. d CsYUC10b levels on both sides of Col and OX fruits. J. Int. Fruit shape is a critical factor determining commercial production, germplasm accession classification, and consumer preference. Nat. Add a tablespoon of this mixture with every cup of water and pour it into the sprayer. After trimming the adaptor sequences, we obtained clean raw reads from the raw sequence reads, which were filtered based on base quality (Q20)22. Protoc. Univ. Because young plants do not have a very developed root system. The data are the means (SEs) of three independent experiments, with five replicates each (P<0.05). If material is not included in the articles Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. Water stress can result in the curling up of cucumber leaves. PubMed Central so it is very important to take steps to control pest problems. Likewise, CmYUC6 and CmYUC11 are significantly upregulated in the seeds and fruit mesocarp of melon (Cucumis melo)43, and high YUCCA levels in strawberry seeds correlate with auxin biosynthesis and fruit development44. Maintain a watering schedule, feed the right amount of fertilizers, and take quick steps for diseases and aphid attacks. c CsYUC10b levels in different tissues of L18 plants. Would My Planets Blue Sun Kill Earth-Life? If you havent applied any and your plant is yellowing, try a single application to see if it perks up. Liang, X. L. et al. Asymmetric auxin distribution is a key factor driving the differential growth of plant organs. The seeds of late-generation inbred lines from our laboratory were sown in pots containing a 1:1 mixture of soil and substrate. The key step in auxin synthesis is YUCCA-mediated conversion of IPA to IAA37. Picture of the effected cucumber leaf is given. When the plants don't get enough water, they quickly start to curl up. Northeast Agric. So, it is better to check the soil moisture with a moisture meter, You can also improve the soil drainage by adding sand, vermiculite, or perlite (, Apply a well-balanced vegetable fertilizer that contains all the macro and micronutrients for cucumber including magnesium, iron, and calcium. Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. An improved bioassay for cytokinins using cucumber cotyledons Water your cucumber vines 3-4 times a week depending on the environmental conditions. This may reduce the antioxidants defence and enhance the damaging effects of oxyradicals for the growth of cotyledons. Pests of Cucurbits | NC State Extension Publications Furthermore, when ovaries with 70-90 curving were treated with 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2M NAA on the concave side, the higher doses were able to decrease the angle of curvature at 2 DPA; however, while 0.15M NAA restored the straight shape of the final fruit, 0.2M NAA resulted in a backward curvature (Fig. Overwatering, however, is a very common cause of sickly plants. of organic mulch if your earliest fruits are crooked and water your plants any time the top inch (2.5 cm.) Also need to apply good amount of good amount of Farm Yard manure or Vermicompost too. Only three seem to be thriving, and I guess it's too late to just isolate those. S.L., C.W., and Z.Q. Results (a) The effect of virus infection on cotyledon growth From 10 to 30 lesions appeared on each cotyledon 3-4 days after inocula- The molecular weights and isoelectric points (pI) of two of these peroxidases were 33 kilodaltons (cationic, pI = 8.9) and 60 kilodaltons (anionic, pI = 4.0). When seedlings emerge from the soil, they put forth two starter leaves called cotyledons. Wang, Y. In addition, the CsYUC10b transcript levels and auxin concentration were significantly higher in the transgenic plants than in the control plants and showed a positive correlation (Fig. Shule, it does seem like calcium might be a problem. Embryoids have been successfully induced from the cotyledons nodes in cucumber ( Wei et al., 2019; Feng et al., 2019 ), but in our study a significant difference was observed in the formation of callus and embryoids regeneration between the adaxial side and the abaxial side of the cucumber cotyledon nodes. Increased cell numbers and growth in the longitudinal direction determine ovary length and fruit size in cucumber, respectively49. Planta 246, 641658 (2017). Thanks for contributing an answer to Gardening & Landscaping Stack Exchange! Just as too much or not enough light can cause yellowing seedling plants, too much or too little water or fertilizer could also be the problem. 66, 73017044 (2015). A lot of them were up out of the soil by 3-6. The upregulation of PpYUC11 in peach (Prunus persica) is correlated with increased auxin synthesis and fruit maturation42. CAS The change in the curve angle was observed from 0 to 12 DPA. Whiteflies, mites, and thrips are among the most troublesome of the sap-feeders, though aphids, mealybugs, or scale can be occasional pests. Another reason why the leaves curl up is heavy pruning. Che, G. & Zhang, X. L. Molecular basis of cucumber fruit domestication. You have to test the soil in a lab. Plant Physiol. What is this plant producing blacks seeds in a calyx like a Physalis but isn't one? PpYUC11, a strong candidate gene for the stony hard phenotype in peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch), participates in IAA biosynthesis during fruit ripening. Dont worry, along with fertilizer, you can add a tablespoon of Epsom salt(our pick: Epsoak Epsom Salt) and a tablespoon of chelated iron (our pick: Southern Ag 01952 Chelated Liquid Iron), and a tablespoon of bone meal to provide magnesium, iron, and calcium respectively. PubMed Meng, J. J., Qin, Z. W., Zhou, X. Y. As shown in Supplementary Fig. Pollination Problems: Even when there are plenty of pollinators in your garden, conditions might not be right to ensure complete pollination. Where does the version of Hamapil that is different from the Gemara come from? Does a password policy with a restriction of repeated characters increase security? For instance, heterologous expression of AtYUC6 in potato (Solanum tuberosum) plants increased the auxin concentration, resulting in plants with relatively narrow and downward-curling leaves, relatively long petioles, and increased height and longevity40. Cucumber seeds were planted on absorbent cotton dampened with water and germinated in the dark at 27C for 5 days. Inside-Out Flower Info: Tips On Using And Growing Inside-Out Flowers, What Is A Sugar Pine Tree Sugar Pine Tree Information, Kangaroo Apple Growing What Is A Kangaroo Apple Plant, Pagoda Tree Info: Tips On Growing Japanese Pagodas, Home & Garden Marketplace: Advertiser Info. and C.W. Apply a well-balanced vegetable fertilizer that contains all the macro and micronutrients for cucumber including magnesium, iron, and calcium. Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, and our products. Cucumbers need 6 to 7 hours of sunlight every day. I don't know if the problem is disease, nutrient lack, or pest. Google Scholar. 3e), as well as the differential bilateral auxin levels (Fig. Wang, C. et al. Cotyledons were excised from cucumber seedlings grown for 10 d under a 14-h light/10-h dark photoperiod and then kept in the dark for the number of days indicated. Total RNA (20 g) isolated from the cotyledons was loaded in each lane, separated with a denaturing gel, transferred to a nylon membrane, and then sequentially probed with the lox-1 . Thanks! Know all about your crop to increase your yield! 5a). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41438-020-00354-5, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41438-020-00354-5. Huang, D. W., Sherman, B. T. & Lempicki, R. A. Overexpression of YUC genes increases auxin production in A. thaliana, while the loss of function of a single YUC gene does not affect plant growth38. Not surprisingly, both sides of the straight fruits showed similar auxin concentrations regardless of genotype (Fig. 1 cup of any oil like soybean oil or olive oil or vegetable oil. But on others the cotyledons turn yellow and shrivel before the true leaves get big enough to grow. 3a). In Arabidopsis thaliana and maize (Zea mays), auxin biosynthesis involves a two-step pathway starting with the conversion of tryptophan to indole-3-pyruvate (IPA) by tryptophan aminotransferase (TAR2), a member of the aminotransferase Arabidopsis (TAA) family, followed by catalysis of IPA into the major endogenous auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) by YUCCA flavin-containing monooxygenases10. Five mm long, the striped cucumber beetle is pale yellow with a black head and 3 black stripes down its back. Cucumbers are sun-loving vines but too much sunlight can cause the cucumber leaves to curl up and turn brown. If water and light dont seem to be the problem, you should think about fertilizer. 4d, the respective ovary lengths in the OX4, OX7, OX10 transgenic plants and control plants were 3.31, 3.15, 3.42, and 2.12cm. The cucumber mosaic virus can cause the leaves to roll upward and, To downy mildew, remove all the curled cucumber leaves. The novel ethylene-responsive factor CsERF025 affects the development of fruit bending in cucumber. *P<0.05, and **P<0.01). For example, acidic soil can indicate calcium and magnesium deficiency. Nathalie Kuhn, Jonathan Maldonado, Lee A. Meisel, Francisca Godoy, Nathalie Khn, Patricio Arce-Johnson, Fang Yan, Zhehao Gong, Hada Wuriyanghan, Begoa Renau-Morata, Laura Carrillo, Sergio G. Nebauer, Horticulture Research Some pest attacks can result in the curling up of leaves including aphids, thrips, and whiteflies. Why Are My Seedling Leaves Pointing Up? Is It Healthy? 15 days sowing, Fadia variety, 1st drench done with roko, Humic acid and 12:61:0,20 ml per plant. The cucumber cotyledon greening bioassay is frequently used for detecting cytokinins. Google Scholar. But aphids are the most common and troublesome pests in the case of cucumber leaf curling. Step 1: Create the mixture. The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. "I love that this is basically a souped-up lip oilit is ultra hydrating and gives lips the kind of mirrorlike shine that will get . When it's hotter, they can dry out a lot faster). Fruit development typically progresses from preanthesis ovary growth to ripening46. Importantly, tryptophan was the major auxin biosynthetic precursor, as inferred through our experiments. Bailiss - Infection of Cucumber Cotyledons with Mosaic Virus 649 The dried cotyledons were finely ground and 50 mg quantities used for the estimation of total nitrogen using the Kjeldahl technique. & Wan, G. A versatile zero background T-vector system for gene cloning and functional genomics. Downy mildew prefers a temperature of 20-30 C in wet and humid conditions for its rapid infection. Dip your finger into the soil and check if it is moist or dry. The cotyledons are designed to get the plant started in the very beginning of its life, and once its producing more leaves, these arent really needed anymore and will often yellow and eventually fall off. Cotyledons Leaves first curling, getting white and plant wilting and Using ES1.3 and p value<0.05 as criteria, 15 categories of significantly enriched genes were identified by GO analysis in C2, including 9 related to photosynthesis, adaxial/abaxial formation, redox processes and responses to auxin stimuli (Supplementary Table S4), suggesting the possible involvement of light in fruit curving. Hortic. Wan, H. et al. Theor. Six mm long, the spotted cucumber beetle has a bright yellowish-green body with black head, legs, and antennae. Greenhouse cucumbers are probably what you want. PubMed J. Exp. Functional pathway enrichment on the concave (C1) and convex (C2) sides of curved fruits at 2 DPA according to GSEA. Here is a row of potted seedlings, some of which seem to be thriving and some starting to sicken. Schmittgen, T. D. & Livak, K. J. Analyzing real-time PCR data by the comparative ct method. e Auxin concentration in Col and OX plants at 4 DPA. Science 291, 306309 (2001). S1). Twelve PCR-positive plants that displayed increased growth were subjected to a qPCR-based analysis, the results of which showed that OX4, OX7, and OX10 expressed the highest levels; these plants were self-pollinated for subsequent studies in the T2 generation (Fig. Biochem. Accordingly, we divided the fruit curving process into the formation, maintenance, and opening phases. The ethylene signal transduction-related genes were expressed predominantly in the fruits, followed by the genes coding for auxin production (Supplementary Table S5). Development 142, 702711 (2015). The results obtained in this investigation suggest that the physiological properties of cucumber cotyledon protoplasts accurately reflect those of intact seedlings, and hence provide a good system for studies into the mechanism of chilling damage in plants. The data are the means (SEs) of three independent experiments, with five replicates each (P<0.05). 5c). every two three weeks once the vines start to run. A role for flavin monooxygenase-like enzymes in auxin biosynthesis. They just got a little balanced fertilizer. CAS There are many causes, requiring you to do a little detective work to correct the situation. Similarly, AtYUC6 overexpression in poplar led to rapid shoot growth and slowed the development of the main root, and root hair length increased41. Stormy, thanks for your comments. One cotyledon was placed in 3.5 cm plastic dish containing 0.4 mL of 100 M cytokinin and 0.1% (v/v) of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) solution. A link between ethylene and auxin uncovered by the characterization of two root-specific ethylene-insensitive mutants in Arabidopsis. So there's not much left to experiment with. If youre watering every day, you may very well be doing too much. The p1250-CsYUC10b and empty plasmids were transformed into Agrobacterium LBA4404, which was then used to infect the cotyledons of L18 plants30. Seedling's first leaves (cotyledon) curling downwards PDF | On Apr 26, 2018, Sunita Kataria and others published Interaction of cytokinins with UV-B (280 -315nm) on the expansion growth of cucumber cotyledons | Find, read and cite all the research . To downy mildew, remove all the curled cucumber leaves. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. Other cucurbits like bitter melon, bottle gourd, winter melon, and luffa are popular in many Asian and African countries. If the leaves burn or wilt then you can skip spraying the mixture. Thus, we surmised that auxin is also involved in fruit curving. But on others the cotyledons turn yellow and shrivel before the true leaves get big enough to grow. Anal. Fruits were sampled from L18 to analyze the expression of CsYUC10b. Development 126, 6613668 (1999). Spray on the leaves twice a week. Information in the Sequence Read Archive database (accession number: SRP111902) was used for transcriptome analysis21. The L18 T2 generation inbred lines OX4, OX7, and OX10 were used for transgenic experiments, and 50 plants of each line were grown under similar conditions. & Sheen, J. Arabidopsis mesophyll protoplasts: a versatile cell system for transient gene expression analysis. CAS Herein, we found that CsYUC10b induced the formation of straight fruit by promoting consistent bilateral auxin biosynthesis in the fruits. Prune once in 2 or 3 weeks only if the vines are becoming too bushy. Physiol. Anthracnose grows and thrives in moist, humid conditions and spreads rapidly during rainy seasons. This would help us explore the relationship between auxin-coding genes and the other major signaling sequences. N. Phytologist 222, 12301234 (2019). Zhao, Y. et al. S2). National Pickling) cotyledons treated with combinations of 40 millimolar KCl and various concentrations of cytokinins.A dark incubation period of 20 hours was followed by an exposure to . But overwatering also can be the cause of leaf curl. Cucumber fruit curl, properly known as crooking, is a common condition of cucumbers. Zhao, Y. Auxin biosynthesis. What do hollow blue circles with a dot mean on the World Map? Has anyone been diagnosed with PTSD and been able to get a first class medical? Cucumber fruit shape is controlled by multiple genes and therefore exhibits quantitative inheritance2. Yellowing and discolored leaves. Very old and very young infected plants are most susceptible and often die of this virus. Although it's hard to say, I'm not sure that watering or sunlight have anything to do with it. volume7, Articlenumber:135 (2020) Wang, Y. C. & Guo, H. W. On hormonal regulation of the dynamic apical hook development. and our Nat. The spatiotemporal distribution of auxin is controlled by auxin resistant 1 (AUX1), like aux (LAX1-3) proteins mediate auxin influx, and PIN-formed (PIN1-8) mediates auxin efflux, all of which collectively regulate organ-level auxin transport12,13. S5c). This is consistent with the findings that rapid cell enlargement occurs after the frequency of cell division decreases47. Curr. Add organic mulch such as straw, bark chips, wood chips, dry leaves, compost, etc. Acta Horticulturae Sin. What is your light source? S4). 2023 Gardening Know How, Future US LLC, Full 7th Floor, 130 West 42nd Street, New York, NY 10036. rev2023.5.1.43405. Genome-scale transcriptomic insights into early-stage fruit development in woodland strawberry Fragaria vesca. Plant embryogenesis requires aux/lax-mediated auxin influx. Some of them are doing well. What's the cheapest way to buy out a sibling's share of our parents house if I have no cash and want to pay less than the appraised value? Avoid wetting the leaves. My cucumber cotyledons are doing the exact same thing, which I've learned is normal once the first 'real' leaf emerges. The cucumber mosaic virus can cause the leaves to roll upward and turn yellow with a wrinkled appearance. There are many causes, requiring you to do a little detective work to correct the situation. They and their containers both seem a little small to be moved outside. Because some pesticides contain harmful chemicals that can affect the quality of your cucumbers. The primers used are listed in Supplementary Table S2. 6c). An Improved Bioassay for Cytokinins Using Cucumber Cotyledons - JSTOR Hi Nitesh Pandey. Thus, the angle of fruit curvature is a consequence of differential growth controlled by auxin distribution. Cucurbits seem to grow best if they are not transplanted, but sown directly. Plant J. Pages on this site may include affiliate links to Amazon and its affiliate sites on which the owner of this website will make a referral commission. $26 at Ulta Beauty $23 at JCPenney. Protoc. 2, 15651572 (2007). Every gardener wants a corner of his garden for growing refreshing cucumbers to enjoy on a hot day. Differential growth at the apical hook: all roads lead to auxin. The transcript levels were measured in the curved fruits from 0 to 10 DPA, and we observed a marked upregulation of CsYUC10b on the convex side compared with the concave side at 28 DPA, which was consistent with the maximum curvature recorded at 4 DPA (Fig. That would explain why you have faith in small containers outside, too. In addition, different genotypic varieties of cucumber differ significantly in terms of the proportion of curved fruits versus straight fruits3. Sign up for our newsletter. Your experience can help others. 5 Reasons for Cucumber Leaves Curling [Fixing Guide] - Garden Cue Google Scholar. Damping off is a fungus that kills a lot of seedlings and it can spread FAST. Consistent with these findings, the auxin levels were even on both sides of the transgenic fruits, which resulted in a straight shape (Fig. I can't seem to keep up with the pests, disease, and watering needs. Viewed 6k times 6 I am growing cucumbers in pots to transplant. Higher auxin concentration on the inner side of the hook compared with the outer side correlates to reduced cell elongation14. If you are growing in the greenhouse then consider changing the artificial lighting schedule. After inoculation, incubate plants in dew chamber (or modified dew) for 24 hours at 21 to 25 C and maintained at 100% relative humidity. Cucumbers are a joy to grow. Pan, Y. et al. It is a sign of overwatering / insufficient drainage, and sometimes also of the seedlings being too cold. PubMed Chop the tomato leaves and let them stay overnight in a cup of water. Plz give me control measures. Can I use the spell Immovable Object to create a castle which floats above the clouds? 5b). Yoo, S., Cho, Y. Sci. Hortic Res 7, 135 (2020). Frontiers | Editorial: Translational Research for Cucurbit Molecular Aphids generally stay on the leaves and vines. I don't know if the problem is disease, nutrient lack, or pest. S. Afr. Stepanova, A. et al. But only by seeing the shriveled-up leaves, you cannot determine what is the nutrient deficiency of the soil. In a previous study, we detected shorter cells on the concave side compared to the convex side of curved cucumber fruit at 6 DPA (Supplementary Fig. The coding sequences of CsYUC10b excluding termination codons (TAG) were amplified by PCR, cleaved with HindIII and BamHI, and then cloned into a pGII-EGFP expression plasmid using T4 DNA ligase (Invitrogen)27. Often, this results in curly cucumber fruit, or otherwise deformed cucumbers, and one huge disappointment for gardeners who waited all winter for perfect, straight fruits. If those temperatures are going to last a long time, I would recommend using a greenhouse for your cucumbers, and getting varieties that are both parthenocarpic and gynoecious (so they won't need pollinated and so they set a lot of fruit). Mashiguchi, K. et al. Kang, C. et al. To discourage fungal growth, water the plants from the base. Mol. Chen, J. G. Dual auxin signaling pathways control cell elongation and division. I usually water them once a day, but sometimes skip a day. 6a). Not bone dry but once every other day in the seed pot 1X2" and now in 3" pots it will stay the same, every other day or whenever the plant and pot feel light to lift. We cut cucumber cotyledons into small pieces or rubbed both surfaces between thumb and finger with or without a carborundum slurry. Plant Mol. All the values were expressed in reads per kilobase pair per million reads (RPKM) based on the read and gene locations in the genome. In this study, we used RNA-seq to identify auxin involvement in fruit curving and screened a candidate gene, CsYUC10b (Csa3M190380.1), located on chr 3. Plant Growth Regul. Furthermore, the number of cells in the ovary is also a major factor determining cell division and fruit development48. There were 116 pairs of SSR markers applied to these lines; however, only four markers were detected on a linkage group, and the QTL map distance was 2.5cM on chromosome (chr) 651. Try planting resistant varieties like Liberty Hybrid, Saladin and County Fair 83 that are available in the market. Through exogenous auxin (NAA, NOA, and AVG) treatment and gene functional verification, we found that overexpression of CsYUC10b promotes the development of straight fruit in cucumber. If you have to use that container size you might consider timed watering to ensure they don't dry out too much between waterings. Sometimes cucumbers need pruning for better cucumber growth. T1 and T2 plants were identified by PCR and qRT-PCR using specific primers (Supplementary Table S2). PubMedGoogle Scholar. If your seedling leaves are parallel with light rays from a grow light or the sun, it may be past time to water your seedling trays, and back that grow light out a bit.
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